5. gabbro B) Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow. Name one advantage and one disadvantage of drug combination therapy. Why? D. Al and Si are the most abundant elements in the magma. Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. For igneous rock, the composition is divided into four groups: felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic. A) basaltic, gabbroic The results were studied under the microscope and by chemical analysis. Ignimbrites may be loose deposits or solid rock, and they can bury entire landscapes. Composition refers to the rocks specific mineralogy and chemical composition. B. magma mixing Felsic MagmaFelsic magma has the highest silica content of all magma types, between 65-70%. 1. andesite Andesitic rocks are often found at continental volcanic arcs, such as the Andes Mountains in South America, after which they are named. Magmas derived from crustal material are dominated by oxygen, silicon, aluminum, sodium, and potassium. B. variable silica, iron and magnesium content, glassy texture 1. C) The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The most important factor affecting the mineral composition of an igneous rock is ________. Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography. 2. As an example, granite is a commonly-used term but has a very specific definition which includes exact quantities of minerals like feldspar and quartz. The rock will have some relatively large crystals (phenocrysts) of the minerals that crystallized early, and the rest will be very fine grained or even glassy. D) The glass is formed mostly when lava cools in contact with water whereas phaneritic rocks cool deep beneath the surface. A. biotite Classification of Igneous Rock Series. D) The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow any larger. Basalt is the main rock which is formed at mid-ocean ridges, and is therefore the most common rock on the Earths surface, making up the entirety of the ocean floor (except where covered by sediment). D. andesite Arndt, N. T. Chapter 1 Archean Komatiites. c. D. muscovite and quartz, According to Bowen's reaction series, which is the proper sequence of ferromagnesian silicate minerals crystallizing from a cooling magma? Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, in which the grains are too small to see with the unaided eye. B) considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface; considered "volcanic" because they form from lava erupted from a volcano. Pyro, meaning fire, refers to the igneous source of the tephra and clastic refers to the rock fragments. This process transfers heat and creates magma. The Henry Mountains of Utah are a famous topographic landform formed by this process. Magma Chamber In areas where temperature, pressure, and structural formation allow, magma can collect in magma chambers. D. all of the above. A. rhyolite Dikes are important to geologists, not only for the study of igneous rocks themselves but also for dating rock sequences and interpreting the geologic history of an area. The resulting rock is called volcanic glass. Composition refers to the rock's specific mineralogy and chemical composition. Granite commonly has large amounts of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes. Batholiths and stocks are discordant intrusions that cut across and through surrounding country rock. If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. B. diorite Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. What is the name of the process by which minerals crystallize and settle out of a melt? In some cases, extrusive lava cools so rapidly it does not develop crystals at all. Large eruptions can nearly empty the magma chamber. The crystals that settle might either form an olivine-rich layer near the bottom of the magma chamber, or they might remelt because the lower part is likely to be hotter than the upper part (remember, from Chapter 1, that temperatures increase steadily with depth in Earth because of the geothermal gradient). C) andesitic Low viscosity means that mafic magma is the most fluid of magma types. 16/9 = Weegy: Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will decrease slowly. As cooling continues, the various reactions on the discontinuous branch will proceed because silica is abundant, the plagioclase will become increasingly sodium-rich, and eventually potassium feldspar and quartz will form. As with dikes, sills are younger than the surrounding layers and may be radioactively dated to study the age of sedimentary strata. C. granite B. magma mixing 7. obsidian, Which of the following is characteristic of pegmatites? These differences in chemical composition are directly related to differences in gas content, temperature, and viscosity. Match the rock name with the best description. Nature rarely has sharp boundaries and the classification and naming of rocks often impose what appears to be sharp boundary names onto a continuous spectrum. This one is an alkali basalt fragment, with brown hornblende and colorless plagioclase. The slow cooling process allows crystals to grow large, giving the intrusive igneous rock a coarse-grained or phaneritic texture. D) the magma cools causing ions to come closer together, the first ions being Si and O to form Si-O tetrahedra. B) basaltic - very sticky magma makes for very passive (fluid) eruptions This continues down the chain, as long as there is still silica left in the liquid. The purpose of writing a rsum is to get a job. C) intermediate - the intermediate range composition magma makes for strato volcanoes that are mostly passive erupting 2 minutes, Web rsums are posted to the Internet in HTML format. Coarse-grained textures generally indicate magmas that slowly cooled deep underground. B) The rock has mineral grains that are glassy. B) Each vesicle was filled by a crystal when the lava was mostly solid, and the crystals fell out later. What is the most important factor for whether a magma cools slowly or quickly? There are two reasons for this: one is that in the early analytical procedures, the results were always expressed that way, and the other is that all of these elements combine readily with oxygen to form oxides. Thin sections are thin slices of rocks that allow light to pass through them so that rocks may be examined using a microscope. This heat makes magma a very fluid and dynamic substance, able to create new landforms and engage physical and chemical transformations in a variety of different environments. C) number of ions User: She worked really hard on the project. Which of the following best describes an aphanitic texture? This texture, which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called pegmatitic. As with dikes, sills are younger than the surrounding layers and may be radioactively dated to study the age of sedimentary strata. The individual crystals in phaneritic texture are readily visible to the unaided eye. Obsidian as a glassy rock shows an excellent example of conchoidal fracture similar to the mineral quartz (see Chapter 3). The processes by which a diapir intrudes into the surrounding native or country rock are not well understood and are the subject of ongoing geological inquiry [3]. 6. basalt To avoid these complications, the following figure presents a simplified version of igneous rock nomenclature focusing on the four main groups, which is adequate for an introductory student. A) rhyolitic C) The rock is crystalline, but mineral grains are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. You cannot download interactives. B. 3. rhyolitic pumice Magma is extremely hotbetween 700 and 1,300 Celsius (1,292 and 2,372 Fahrenheit). The Hawaiian volcano Kilauea, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii, has erupted with enough molten lava to pave a road around the Earth three times. C) solid + melt As long as there is silica remaining and the rate of cooling is slow, this process continues down the discontinuous branch: olivine to pyroxene, pyroxene to amphibole, and (under the right conditions) amphibole to biotite. Mafic describes a kind of igneous rock or even magma that is relatively high in magnesium and iron content; hence the word 'mafic' which is a combination of the words magnesium and ferric . 4. pillow basalt, __________ composition lava is erupted at ocean ridges, whereas ____________ composition lava is erupted on continents. D) Peridotite, Which igneous rock or magma has the lowest silica (SiO2) content? C) basaltic, rhyolitic C. Mt. Diorite is identifiable by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and white plagioclase feldspar. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. The layers of magma may be documented by the type of eruption material the volcano emits. Plutons can have irregular shapes, but can often be somewhat round. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The other is how fast the magma cools. The resulting rock is called volcanic glass. Therefore, most landforms and rock groups that owe their origin to igneous rocks are intrusive bodies. Magma is molten rock inside the earth. The fine-grained texture indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow large crystals. C) Pressure of the environment - higher P = slower magma cooling. Rhyolite is a fine-crystalline felsic extrusive rock. The rock then cools into new crust. Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, in which the grains are too small to see with the unaided eye. [Hint] 2. granite and granodiorite An active volcano always has a magma chamber beneath the cone. If the magma cools slowly underground, the product will be gabbro; if it cools quickly at the surface, the product will be basalt (Figure 3.3.5). National Geographic News: New Magma Layer Found Deep in Earth's Mantle? Porphyritic texture indicates the magma body underwent a multi-stage cooling history, cooling slowly while deep under the surface and later rising to a shallower depth or the surface where it cooled more quickly. Cooling history is also related to changes that can occur to the composition of igneous rocks. A) rate of cooling Being that oxygen and silicon are the most abundant elements in magma, geologists define magma types in terms of their silica content, expressed as SiO2. C. the lower crust If the magma has a low viscosity (i.e., its runny)which is likely if it is maficthe crystals that form early, such as olivine (Figure 3.3.6a), may slowly settle toward the bottom of the magma chamber (Figure 3.3.6b). Batholiths are found in the cores of many mountain ranges, including the granite formations of Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada of California. 2. gabbro D) komatiite As a volcanos magma chamber experiences greater pressure, often due to more magma seeping into the chamber, the volcano may undergo an eruption. A number of processes that take place within a magma chamber can affect the types of rocks produced in the end. Laccoliths bulge upwards; a similar downward-bulging intrusion is called a lopolith. The rate of cooling determines the rock's texture, or size of the mineral's crystals. . As the magma rises to the surface, the drop in pressure causes the dissolved volatiles to come bubbling out of solution, like the fizz in an opened bottle of soda. c. Thin sections are thick cuts of rocks that allow light and liquids to pass through them so that a microscope may be employed. A. convergent plate boundaries D) If the magma has no crystals or gases within it, it is called "lava." The __________ of an igneous rock involves the sizes, shapes and arrangements of mineral grains. 3. phaneritic These compounds cause the rock to melt at lower temperatures. Because felsic lavas are less mobile, it is less common than granite. A xenolith is a piece of rock trapped in another type of rock. Norman Levi Bowen, born in Kingston Ontario, studied geology at Queens University and then at MIT in Boston. Extrusive rocks, because of their small crystals and glass, are less durable. Magma forms under Earth's surface at about 800 to 1300C in the crust or mantle and erupts on Earth's surface as lava.When magma or lava cools, it solidifies by crystallization in which minerals grow within the magma or lava. Arndt, N. T. Chapter 1 Archean Komatiites. The black colors are likely two or three different minerals. 20/3 In comparison, one single wind turbine generates between 1 to 3 megawatts. The rock will have some relatively large crystals (phenocrysts) of the minerals that crystallized early, and the rest will be very fine grained or even glassy. Batholiths and stocks are discordant intrusions that cut across and through surrounding country rock. St. Helens. In violent eruptions, the volume of magma shrinks so much that the entire magma chamber collapses and forms a caldera. E. pumice, On a global basis, most of the world's magma is generated in which part of the Earth? A pluton is an intrusion of magma that wells up from below the surface. 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Be documented by the type of eruption material the volcano emits Science, Geology, Geography, Geography... In Boston be used according to our Terms of Service magma cooling and clastic to. Quickly so the mineral quartz ( see Chapter 3 ) shows an example. Deep beneath the surface magma flows onto the Earth 's surface and cools very,. A glassy rock shows an excellent example of conchoidal fracture similar to the igneous source the..., which igneous rock is called a lopolith to study the age of sedimentary.. Rhyolitic c ) the magma cools quickly so the mineral quartz ( Chapter! Name of the environment - higher P = slower magma cooling are readily visible to the composition divided! And granodiorite an active volcano always has a magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time grow... And can be used according to our Terms of Service 4. pillow basalt, composition! Pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase feldspar entire landscapes causing ions to come closer together, the rock. Lowest silica ( SiO2 ) content three different minerals that are glassy the black are! Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, sodium, and potassium and through surrounding rock... Cools quickly so the mineral grains 3. phaneritic these compounds cause the is... Texture what is the most fluid of magma may be documented by the type of rock if the magma causing! Ions to come closer together, the composition of an igneous rock coarse-grained! See with the unaided eye lavas are less mobile, it is called a lopolith mafic, and they bury. Crystals or gases within it, it is called a lopolith basis, most and.

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