Excerpt from "The Story of Hooverville, In Seattle" by Jesse Jackson, Mayor of Hooverville (1935) Mark has a Ph.D in Social Science Education. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. Exhibit B: Location and Number of Shacks (March 5, 1941) - Definition & History, Effects & Events of the US Civil War from Various Perspectives, William Monroe Trotter: Quotes & Biography, Andrew Carnegie: Steel, Net Worth & Philanthropy, Neil Armstrong: Biography, Facts & Moon Landing, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Click to see google map of shack towns in Seattle area and more photos and descriptions.In Seattle shacks appeared in many locations in 1930 and 1931, but authorities usually destroyed them after neighbors complained. Hoovervilles and Homelessness. Click the image to see a larger version of the map and here to read excerpts from Roy's sociological survey.By 1934 nearly 500 self-built one-room domiciles were "scattered over the terrain in insane disorder," according to Donald Roy, a sociology graduate student who studied the community. "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, by Dustin Neighly, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s by Magic Demirel, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle by Donald Francis Roy, The Story of Seattle's Hooverville by Jesse Jackson, "Mayor" of Hooverville, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents. These camps came to be called Hoovervilles, after the president. By the time the U.S. entered World War II in 1941, enough Americans were working again that virtually all the encampments had vanished. Advertisement. Summary and Definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). As the optimism of the 1920s gave way to fear and desperation, Americans looked to the federal government for relief. The inhabitants of the Hoovervilles and shantytowns in the 1930s were deprived of many of these basic needs - for additional facts refer to Poverty in the Great Depression. Early in 1941, the Seattle Health Department established a Shack Elimination Committee to identify unauthorized housing clusters and plan their removal. Built with all over the world Copyright 19992023This site uses cookies to improve your experience. Around 15,000 men joined the movement, many of whom came from far away and arrived in the area by illegally riding on railroad freight trains. Who Were the Democratic Presidents of the United States? Some claim to have been made up of men, women, and children, while others claim to only have had men. Many features of life during the Great Depression were given bitter connotations with Hoover's name. read more, The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a work relief program that gave millions of young men employment on environmental projects during the Great Depression. One of the important events during his presidency was the emergence of the Shanty Town during the Great Depression. The term 'Hooverville' probably originated with Charles Michelson, who was a newspaper reporter and, in 1930, the publicity director for the Democratic National Party. Letter from Housing Authority to City Council (March 4, 1941) "Hooverville" became a common term for shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression. Renters fell behind and faced eviction. Usually built on vacant land, the camps were largely tolerated by city authorities. When a new mayor took office in 1932, owing his election in part to support of the Unemployed Citizen's League, Seattle's Hooverville gained a measure of official tolerance that allowed it to survive and grow. The numbers, as mind-boggling as they are, tend not to reflect the actual state of suffering caused by the greatest economic catastrophe in U.S. history. Seattle is fortunate to have the kind of detailed documentation of its Hooverville that other cities lack, and we have compiled these unique resources here. Despite being some of the hardest hit victims of the Great Depression, the encampments residents remained upbeat, naming their neighborhoods Hoover Heights, Merryland, and Happyland. They elected a mayor and a liaison to represent the camp in negotiations with St. Louis authorities. However, most buildings were little more than crude shelters thrown together from wooden crates, cardboard boxes, tar paper, scrap metal, and other fire-prone discarded materials. "Hooverville" was a deliberately politicized label, emphasizing that President Herbert Hoover and the Republican Party were to be held responsible for the economic crisis and its miseries. The economic depression began in September 1929 and was immediately followed by the October 24 Wall Street stock market crash. "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." WATCH VIDEO: How Artists Helped End the Great Depression. Roosevelt promised to improve the country with a "new deal for the American people." Create your account, 29 chapters | He counted 639 residents in March of that year, all but seven of them men. "[1], The city imposed modest building and sanitation rules, required that women and children not live in the Hooverville, and expected the residents to keep order. It began with the United States stock market crash of 1929, and didn't completely end until after . His records show populations of Japanese, Mexican, Filipino, Native American, Costa Rican, Chilean, and Black men. The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. Seattle, in 2009, is currently facing a recession that may be the most serious since the Depression of the 1930s, and a community similar to Hooverville has formed. In the summer of 1931 a group of Seattle residents organized to establish self-help enterprises and demand that government officials create jobs and increase relief assistance to unemployed. Back to History for Kids. The Story of the Great Depression in Photos, How the Great Depression Altered US Foreign Policy, Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Definition and Legacy, Biography of Louis Armstrong, Expert Trumpeter and Entertainer, What Is Patriotism? Including the veterans, their families, and other supporters, the crowd of protesters eventually grew to nearly 45,000 people. See the fact file below for more information on the Hoovervilles, or alternatively, you can download our 20-page Hooverville worksheet pack to utilize within the classroom or home environment. By the spring of 1932, when it could have most helped ease the Depression, Americas revenue from world trade was reduced by more than half. However, Hoovervilles were typically grim and unsanitary. The large camps were set up on the worst type of unused or public land often on the outskirts of towns and cities. Commanded by Maj. George S. Patton, the U.S. Army burned the Hooverville and drove the veterans out with tanks, tear gas, and fixed bayonets. Library of Congress. Most were unemployed laborers and timber workers, few of whom had held any jobs in the previous two years. By the end of the decade it covered a six block area and, like Seattle's Hooverville, included a large number of little houses that residents had built out of scrap materials and steadily improved over the years. OKIESOkies is a term applied generally to people from the American Southwest who migrated to the Pacific Coast, particularly to California, during the Great Depression. .adslot_1 { width: 300px; height: 250px; } Although people would often use castoff lumber and building materials, more often than not Hooverville structures were built with cardboard, tar paper, and other comparatively flimsy elements. This worksheet can be edited by Premium members using the free Google Slides online software. Browse Catalog. As the Depression deepened, the sheer number of homeless people became overwhelming. Hoover also received criticism for signing, in June 1930, the controversial Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, which imposed a high tariff on foreign goods in an effort to prevent them from competing with U.S.-made products on the domestic market. [9], Regardless of the gender of the residents, Hoovervilles served as a common ground for many different nationalities and ethnicities. Its unofficial mayor was Jesse Jackson, who led the city in tolerating the homeless and imposed lax building and sanitation regulations. 361 lessons. The Great Depression started on Wall Street. Seattle's Hooverville and its residents were portrayed as violent, exotic, and separate from the rest of Seattle, obscuring the social accomplishments and self-organization of shantytown residents. KidsKonnect uses a secure SSL connection to encrypt your data and we only work with trusted payment processors Stripe and PayPal. Write THREE true facts about this topic and ONE lie about this topic in the boxes below2. All Rights Reserved. Nearly 29 percent of the population was non-white. The Great Depression rolled on, and people got caught in a vicious cycle. Over its eight years of existence, the WPA put roughly 8.5 million Americans to work read more, The 1930s in the United States began with an historic low: more than 15 million Americansfully one-quarter of all wage-earning workerswere unemployed. There was no work, people were starving and the local police repeatedly burned down the camp. Usually built on the edges of larger cities, hundreds of thousands of people lived in the many Hooverville camps. Hoovervilles were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of. [2], However, not every Hooverville fits this description. "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." It is a city built on hills and around water, in a mild marine climate that encourages prolific . Roosevelts recovery program, known as the New Deal, eventually reduced unemployment, regulated banking and helped turn the ailing economy around with public works projects and other economic programs. Over the next several read more, Disenchantment with Prohibition had been building almost from the moment it first took effect in 1920. A "Hoover flag" was an empty pocket turned inside out and "Hoover leather" was cardboard used to line a shoe when the sole wore through. Why was the Shanty Town called a Hooverville? Seattle police twice burned the early Hooverville, but each time residents rebuilt. Desperate for shelter, homeless citizens built shantytowns in and around cities across the nation. Most Hoovervilles operated in an informal, unorganized way, but the bigger ones would sometimes put forward spokespersons to serve as a liaison between the camp and the larger community. WATCH VIDEO: Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. succeed. In 1938, Jackson wrote a short, vivid description of the community that we reproduce here. Nonwhites comprised 29% of the colony's population, including 120 Filipinos, 29 African Americas, 25 Mexicans, 4 Native Americans, 4 South Americans, and 2 Japanese. Each Hooverville was unique. Others responded to complaints by people in the neighborhood and evicted the inhabitants and burned the shacks. "; The Hooverville in Seattle was one of the few with detailed documentation. Roy documents a unique spirit of tolerance and amiability between ethnic groups. Public reaction to the Hoovervilles added to President Hoovers general unpopularity, leading to his landslide defeat by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. Bootleggers were becoming rich on the profits of illegal alcohol sales and violence was on the rise. As the Great Depression worsened, so too did people's moods. Some of the men who were forced to live in these conditions possessed construction skills, and were able to build their houses out of stone. The Shanty Town was given the sarcastic nickname 'Hooverville' after President Herbert Hoover who Americans blamed for the Great Depression. Roy noted that the only Filipinos and Mexican men were segregated, generally due to language rather than racial discrimination. Hooverville served as a home for different nationalities and ethnicities. Both his parents were dead by the time he was nine. The houses were often installed with a small stove, bedding, and some cooking materials. Trade policies made the Great Depression worse. Even during the worst of the Depression, most Hooverville residents continued to seek employment, often taking backbreaking seasonal jobs like picking and packing field crops. WW1 veterans formed what was called the Bonus Army and 40,000 people descended on Washington D.C. and set up makeshift camps on areas such as the Anacostia Flats. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Black and white men would share homes out of convenience and, likewise, exemplify camaraderie and friendship. All the Hoovervilles were 'eradicated' at the end of the Great Depression in 1941. Chapter 1: The Great Depression Strikes Pennsylvania Chapter 2: Political Change and the New Deal Coalition Chapter 3: The New Deal in Pennsylvania: Public Works and Organized Labor Chapter 4: Popular Culture and Society in the 1930s Learn More Story Details Historical Markers In the Story Original Documents Story Credits Story Bibliography Credit was extended to many so that they could enjoy the new inventions of the day, such as washing machines, refrigerators and automobiles. Around 11,000 banks failed during the Great Depression, leaving many with no savings. During the Great Depression, in the 1930s, as millions of people lost their jobs and homes, shanty towns, also known as "Hoovervilles" began to sprout up across the US. There is a crime here that goes beyond denunciation, he wrote of the squalled camp. A Brief Look at the U.S. Department of Labor. Donald Roy created this map of Seattle's Hooverville. However, understanding that the campers had nowhere else to go, and fearing that they might still fall victim to the Great Depression themselves, most more affluent people were willing to tolerate the Hoovervilles and their impoverished residents. After 1940, all of Hooverville were destroyed as the economy recovered and the unemployment rate fell eventually. "Hooverville" became a common term for shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression. A Hoover blanket was a pile of old newspapers used as bedding. Some homes were not buildings at all, but deep holes dug in the ground with makeshift roofs laid over them to keep out inclement weather. Out of desperation, the homeless began building camps of makeshift shacks near cities across the nation. A "Hooverville" was a shanty town built during the Great Depression by the homeless in the United States. Sign Me Up. here to see more photographs of Hoovervilles and homeless encampments in Seattle and Tacoma. Thousands of World War I veterans, calling themselves the Bonus Army, had arrived in the nation's capital to demand early payment of a bonus they had been promised at the end of the war. Trench Warfare in WWI: History & Facts | What is Trench Warfare? Multiple factors led to the Great Depression, including the U.S. stock market crash in October 1929 and the widespread failure of the American banking system, both of which helped destroy confidence in the nations economy. Report of Shack Elimination Committee (April 14, 1941) Homeless people were forced to live in absolute poverty in the Hoovervilles or shantytowns in the 1930s. Regardless of the gender of the residents, Hoovervilles served as a common ground for many different nationalities and ethnicities. Trade your paper with a Partner. "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents, Unemployed Citizens League and Poverty Activism, Self-Help Activists: The Seattle Branches of the Unemployed Citizens League, Organizing the Unemployed: The Early 1930s, Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium | University of Washington. The Great Depression caused social upheaval and political unrest. Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression. Seattle's Hooverville had lasted a full decade.[4]. A Tarpaper Carthage: Interpreting Hooverville, by Joey Smith, Central Park Hooverville with Central Park West in the Background in 1932. [2] Donald Francis Roy, a citizen of Seattles Hooverville, took detailed recordings of the population during his time there. READ MORE:Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? The New Deal enacted special relief programs aimed at the homeless under the Federal Transient Service (FTS), which operated from 1933 to 1939. MacArthurs troops set fire to the Hooverville and drove the group from the city with bayonets and tear gas. [3], The city tolerated Hoovervilles until the eve of World War II. 10 Question Quiz. months[2] = "Learning made easy with the various learning techniques and proven teaching methods used by the Siteseen network. As elsewhere in the country, Washington State's Communist Party helped to organize the unemployed into active political and social formations. This drain reservoir became the site of an informal camp established by a few homeless people, but they were quickly evicted. Encampments and shantytowns often referred to as tent citieswith similarities to Hoovervillesbegan appearing in parts of California, Arizona, Tennessee, Florida, Washington and other states. Among the hundreds of Hoovervilles across the U.S. during the 1930s were those in: Hoovervilles have often featured in popular culture, and still appear in editorial cartoons. Most were white with the majority of them foreign-born, especially Scandinavians. The Tacoma Fire Department burned down fifty small houses in May 1942 after Seattle destroyed Hooverville. Some people . New York City: Depression shacks "Hoover Village" in the old Central Park reservoir. City officials alternately tolerated and tried to eradicate the shack town. It was a period of the global economic crisis that began with a significant drop in stock prices in the United States. ThoughtCo, Dec. 6, 2021, thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996. Thousands of Hoovervilles began to appear all over the country. In June, many of the so-called Bonus Army marched to the Capitol to request early payment of the government bonuses they had been promised for their military servicemoney that would have alleviated the financial problems of many families. He believed this would represent a philosophical shift in what the government was supposed to be for--namely, to ensure a level playing field for economic opportunity, but not to regulate or take over the functions of the market. The Depression was blamed on President Herbert Hoover, whom the town was named after as coined by Charles Michelson. The highly unpopular Hoover was defeated in the 1932 presidential election by Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose New Deal recovery programs eventually helped lift the United States out of the Depression. Tensions between destitute citizens and the Hoover administration climaxed in the spring of 1932 when thousands of World War I veterans and their families and friends set up a Hooverville on the banks of the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. The committee included two Whites, two Blacks, and two Filipinos. Check out the Siteseen network of educational websites. The nation turned to Herbert Hoover expecting help, but he had none to give. KidsKonnect is a growing library of premium quality educational materials, printable worksheets and teaching resources for use in the classroom. In 1934, Roy recorded a population of non-White people, including Black men, Costa Rican, Chilean, Filipino, Japanese, Mexican, and. A 'Hoover blanket' was a newspaper, covering a homeless man on a city bench; a 'Hoover flag' was a turned-out pants pocket, a sure sign of pennilessness. Many people would can their food so that it would last longer. President Herbert Hoover lost the election in 1932 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Although a common factor among Hooverville residents was unemployment, inhabitants took any work that became available, often laboring at such backbreaking, sporadic jobs as fruit picking or packing. Source for information on Okies: Encyclopedia of the Great Depression dictionary. Many were established near rivers, as the above picture shows, or ponds - it helped to have access to some water. Many of us spend a great deal of time imagining what we'd do if we had a lot of money--if we won the lottery, for example. During the Great Depression many men became hobos during the 1930s, searching for jobs anywhere in the country. The photograph dates from about 1932 to 1937. Most settlers were disorganized, and only a few established a form of government. Many authorities frequently tolerated the shantytowns out of sheer necessity. When disaster struck, Americans looked to their President for leadership and compassion, but Hoover seemed to be short on both counts. Home Facts Privacy About Blog Contact Terms. A 'Hooverville' on waterfront of Seattle, Washington, March 1933. For use in the country began to appear all over the World Copyright 19992023This site cookies... Homeless encampments in Seattle was one of facts about hoovervilles population during his time there generally due to language than. World War II we reproduce here one of the global economic crisis that with. Hooverville in Seattle was one of the population during his time there West in neighborhood. The group from the moment it first took effect in 1920 to the Hooverville in Seattle was one the... Uses cookies to improve your experience a unique spirit of tolerance and amiability between ethnic groups virtually all encampments! So too did people 's moods the inhabitants and burned the shacks while claim... 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