Societies with more complex celebrations tend to have. Societies with the highest degree of social stratification have less polygyny (Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), which is contrary to the idea that male inequality generally will favor polygyny. It maintains healthy levels of diversity in the genetic pool. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from a different social group, class, or tribe. By having sons marry a fathers brothers daughter, who is in the same kin group, any inheritance of property by the wife would stay within the control of the patrilineal kin group. Increase in lineage as family names can be transferred from smaller to larger clans. This type of marriage is common in many cultures around the world, as it helps to prevent inbreeding and promote genetic diversity within a community. The Komachi, pastoral nomads of southern Iran, preferred marriage with kin who were no more distant than second cousins and about 70% were with first cousins (Bradburd 1990, 115). type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women who are not sisters. 3) Women less dependent on men. One form of exogamy is dual exogamy, in which two groups continually intermarry with each other.[1]. The opposite of exogamy is endogamyor the practice of marrying from within one's social unit. For example, the ethnographer Gusinde reports that the Selknam, who were hunters and gatherers of Tierra del Fuego in southern South America, were so averse to marriage between related people that when he asked them a question about allowance of such marriages he was met with a look of disgust. Note which cousins are parallel and cross-cousins for the male listed as ego.. Munck, Victor de, and Jennifer McGreevey. high dependence on animal husbandry (also Ross et al. A type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women, specifically sisters. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. In most patrilocal, patrilineal societies, daughters would normally move away from their familys land. 2016. Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community; endogamy refers to marriage within the community. Why? Some common examples of social groups which practice endogamy are people of the same religion, individuals with the same nationality, people of the same class, and related individuals who wish to keep power in the family. 2016. An example is the recessive alpha-thalessemia allele which helps individuals escape the more serious effects of malaria. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. castle Members of each half of the moiety may only marry someone from the other half of the moiety. Being able to engage in sex prior to marriage combined with the ability to choose a partner presumably enhances the likelihood that marriage partners will be compatible and ultimately happier together. 1969. 2012. Why? And of those that have substantial economic transactions, bride price or bridewealth is the most common, followed by bride service. It can be matrilineal or patrilineal. Khel is the name given to residents of a particular place and the people of one khel cannot inter-marry. As we noted above, polygynous societies are also more likely to have aloof relationships between husbands and wives and co-wives exhibit considerable jealousy. Are there structural factors that can help us account for varying divorce rates? Create an account to start this course today. Strict rules are defined so that women from one skin name group may only marry men from another skin name, and their children will be considered part of a completely separate skin name. Very different types of structural factors may be related to divorce rate. Ross, Cody T., Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Seung-Yun Oh, Samuel Bowles, Bret Beheim, John Bunce, Mark Caudell, et al. Endogamy, exogamy. Related findings are that a combination of patrilocality and patrilineality predicts more compensation to the brides family or the bride (Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b) and that bride price is more likely in patrilineal societies (Goody 1973). Co-wives tend to live in separate dwellings or residences, especially with nonsororal polygyny (Whiting and Whiting 1975). Higher divorce rates are predicted by. While such tests cannot be conducted without variation to study, behavior in other animal species may shed light on these theories. Cross-cousins, the children of ones mothers brother (in a matrilineal system) or fathers sister (in a patrilineal system), belong to a different lineage from ones own. A substantial transfer of goods or money from the grooms kin to the brides kin before, during, or after the marriage. Homogamy: conscious or unconscious tendency to select mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own Online searchers typically do not seek out people of a different race The love relationship Coupling of love and marriage not universal U.S. parents and peers expected to help child confine search for a mate to "socially . Biological exogamy is marriage of non blood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. simple agriculture without the use of a plow (also White and Burton 1988; and Ross et al. Sometimes this is an arrangement between two brother-sister pairs where the brothers each marry the others sister. Moreover, exogamy has been associated with enhanced open communication which ultimately leads to greater mutual understanding and harmony between individuals. In many cultures, marriage involves major economic considerations that may involve natural resources, currency, service, or other transactions. Frazer[11] says that exogamy was begun to maintain the survival of family groups, especially when single families became larger political groups. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. God Some men will be unmarried, some men will only have one wife, and some will be currently monogamous but marry polygynously later. What is exogamy? A single-parent, monogamous, or polygamous family that constitutes its own social and/or economic unit. [2][3] In native populations, exogamy might be detrimental if "the benefits of local adaptation are greater than the cost of inbreeding." Coult, Allan D., and Robert W. Habenstein. 1965. In some cases, exogamous partners can come from cultures that clash more than was anticipated causing friction in the marriage. These groups live in paired kinship groups called moiety (two relatively even groups of people that marry each other). Long-fallow agriculture is associated with moderately complex societies and thus may account for the finding that polygyny is more prevalent in such societies, but less common in very complex societies. The exchange of men or women served as a uniting force between groups. As we have discussed, most societies forbid any cousin marriage, but a great deal of anthropological theorizing involves explanations of the different types of allowed, preferred, or prescribed cousin marriage (Levi-Strauss 1949; Homans and Schneider 1962; Leach 1951; see discussion in Berting and Philipsen 1960). In the past, individuals were largely limited to marrying someone from their immediate community. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. However, Fraysers research does not attempt to explain the double standard for extramarital relationships between men and women. After speaking to the girl, the boy goes to her parents, not needing permission from his own parents. Why? An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. The female-biased sex ratio theory may also explain why polygyny is relatively rare in very complex societies. While almost all cultures we know of have had the custom of marriage and all have families, there is tremendous cross-cultural variability in customs surrounding these aspects of social and cultural life. Societies with extended family households are less likely to allow individual choice in choosing a mate (Stephens 1963; Lee and Stone 1980), less likely to think romantic love should be the basis of marriage (de Munck and McGreevey 2016), and not surprisingly, less likely to have close relationships between husbands and wives, and more likely to have more divorce. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. None of these traits are conducive to reasoned discussion, peaceful settlements of disputes, and agreement to disagree, which are critical to democracy. Why? Munck, Victor de, and Andrey V. Korotayev. A pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the wifes parents. Symmetrical cross-cousin marriage is somewhat more likely when economic transactions at marriage (such as bride price or dowry) are absent. The two main transfers of goods and services to the brides family are bride service and bride price. The groom, before or after the marriage, gives work services to the brides family. economy Dual exogamy is a traditional form of arranging marriages in numerous modern societies and in many societies described in classical literature. Polyandry, the opposite of polygyny (one woman, multiple husbands) is exceedingly rare, with only a handful of societies having it as an important form of marriage.4 While the specific arrangements vary from culture to culture, a few types of polygyny are usually distinguishedlimited polygyny, general sororal polygyny (co-wives are sisters), and general non-sororal polygyny (co-wives are not sisters).5 As its name suggests, limited polygyny means that it is only occasionally practiced in a society, whereas general polygyny indicates that it is more common. In this module, we concentrate on marriage and family customs involving at least one man and one woman because although homosexual behavior is not rare, same-sex marriage is rare cross-culturally. Trust: Trust is the foundation of any healthy relationship. This type of dowry differs in that it originates from the grooms family; goods or money is given to the bride directly or to the brides family who then give it to the bride. Keywords: Adat sanctions, exogamy, marriage, Tenganan, Bali. In some cases, this cultural friction is neutralized by the understanding that the one given to the marriage (often a bride given to another tribe) is to accept the culture of the one whose tribe the first entered (often the groom's tribe). In fact, most of the time you'll find the word you are looking for after typing only one or two letters. The main types of exogamy are: Cultural exogamy can lead to friction within marriage if the two cultures are too distinct or if the partners in the marriage cannot agree on the behaviors within the marriage. In American kinship systems, cousins are treated more or less equivalently, but in many societies there are markedly different attitudes towards and expectations for different types of cousins. While most societies extend this taboo to some other members of kin, it minimally includes siblings and parents. 485 lessons. Hence, it is more efficient and economical for the man and woman who share the child (or children) to cooperate. [1] Incompatible activities make it difficult for one gender to do the needed work (Pasternak, Ember, and Ember 1976). In other words, by marrying outside of the group, individuals could gain access to new and necessary resources. Quinlan and Quinlan (2007) suggest that If the presence of both a husband and a wife is not critical for raising a child, staying in an unwanted marriage is not as necessary for successful child-rearing. It is a common practice in many societies around the world, and has been for centuries. The Guarani of South America practice trial marriage, in which official marriage processes are deferred until after the potential groom proves his suitability for marriage. Finally, the degree to which spouses choose their marriage partners may help us understand divorce rates. Elaborate marriage ceremonies typically involve a large number of people from the community, potentially increasing social interest in the marriage. Put simply, its the practice of marrying outside of ones social group. Disclosure:Please note that some of the links in this post are affiliate links. Learn the definition and meaning of exogamy, identify the various types of exogamous marriage, and see examples. Ackerman (1963) suggests that the degree to which a spouse is incorporated into a societys descent structure is more predictive. Polygynous societies, particularly those with nonsororal polygyny, tend to be found in societies practicing patrilocal residence (Whiting 1964; White and Burton 1988) and also those having male-biased inheritance (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996). The Embers did put forward a new theory which did predict male-female bonding well. One theory is that women play a larger role in producing children than men do, so there will be competition amongst males for a bride. It does not create economic inequality between families. Agriculture or fishing are dominant forms of subsistence and communities are sedentary (Nimkoff and Middleton 1960). - Definition & History, Cultural Diversity Issues in the Criminal Justice System, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. But, the pathogen stress theory suggests that women can maximize the health of their offspring by choosing to marry a healthy man, even if the man already has a wife or wives. In human autosomal-DNA science, endogamy has been used to refer to any cousin marriage that affects an ancestral tree. The most common pattern is allowing marriage both within and outside the . In support of the loss of males in warfare theory, general polygyny is found to be more likely with. Here are some of the main findings. 2) Subsiding of romantic love. She coedited. Marriage outside this group is exogamy. By exchanging spouses between groups, individuals were able to forge alliances and build relationships with members of other groups. In addition to blood relatives, marriage to members of a specific totem, clan (s) or other group (s) may be forbidden. In other words, a marriage outside the lineage group is . The Inuit assign totem names to each half of the moiety. Marxist anthropology See theTeaching eHRAF Exercise on Marriage and Family for suggestions. Children in the Inuit communities are seen as members of their mother's totem for the purposes of exogamy. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The opposite situation holds for matrilineal societies, but this time, assuming you cant marry in your kin group, only your matrilateral parallel cousins mothers sisters childrenwill be in your kin group. Similar to dowry except that the goods or money originate from the grooms kin and they are either passed to the bride directly or passed indirectly via her family. Divorce rate? The diversity of the gene pool results in reduced purity of the bloodline; however exogamous cultures value lineage over the purity of bloodlines, and exogamy supports strong lineage tracking. Complex societies tend to ave specialized or standing armies which means that male mortality in war may only be high among men in the armed forces (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). Why? Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. 2021. In addition, if women have very low status (and men have high status), adult women may have few alternatives to marriage. However, sometimes parents still have to approve the choice. 2004. The number of individuals in such a household can be very large if there are polygynous marriages. In such societies, marrying a first cousin combined with marrying within the community predicts lower divorce rates even more strongly. A sex-ratio favoring females can also be created by having older men marry much younger women (M. Ember 1984). According to a survey 83% people practice exogamy in these tribes. A considerable body of research suggests psychological effects on boys of growing up in polygynous households, particularly if they grow up in mother-child dwellings where the father is relatively absent early in a boys life. Greater social involvement in the marriage (Frayser 1985). Why? In such a situation it becomes interesting to differentiate between the close kin and the descent or lineage. Divorce, or the severing of marital ties, is found in the vast majority of societies in the anthropological record. Unilineal descent systems typically organize members of a generation into two broad groups. Schaden and Lewinsohn (1962) tells us that, Many men have a companion before marriage. 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Why? Many cultures have practiced exogamous marriage practices over the years. The etymology of exogamy shows that the word can be broken down into two parts: ''exo'', meaning outside or outer, and ''gamy'', referring to marriage anthropologically or fertilization in biology. There is enormous cross-cultural variation in the tolerance of marriage to cousins. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. residence Why? In India the inter caste marriages are not socially approved and discouraged hitter . Ancient Rome copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Second, other sexual rules could be invented, such as rules regulating rotation of partners. Might this variation help us test theories about the conditions under which marriage is important? The practice likely originated as a way to reduce competition for mates or promote cooperation between groups, but today it is primarily driven by cultural factors. the higher the status of females in society (Pearson and Hendrix 1979). The Raven totem could have ten individual tribes, while the Eagle totem could be composed of another ten tribes living separately from each other. Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) is an internationally recognized organization in the field of cultural anthropology. Thus, persons may be expected to marry outside their totem clan(s) or other groups, in addition to outside closer blood relatives. An example of endogamous marriages can be seen in historical royal families where maintaining the royal bloodlines required members of royalty to marry only other members of royalty, often leading to marriage within family units and certainly within genetically close units. The long dependency of a child is essentially the same problem as division of labor because having a young child makes it difficult for a mother to do all the needed subsistence work, particularly dangerous work such as hunting. For three of these days, the bride is secluded and cannot be exposed to the sun. The severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval. If the answer is no, then male-female bonding was predicted; if the answer was yes, then female-male bonding was unlikely. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Pathogen stress is the only predictor of nonsororal polygyny in state societies. Biological exogamy is marriage of nonblood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. The opposite of this concept is endogamy, or marriage within one's own social group. Being prevalent in most of the Western world, exogamy is the rule dictating that one must marry outside his/her kin group. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Marriage is one method for societies to establish a reproductive relationship between the bride and groom. And even on your fathers side, your patrilateral cross-cousinsyour fathers sisters children will not be in your kin group, since although the father and his sister are in the same kin group, membership is not passed through females. Their findings suggest that both factors are associated with nonsororal polygyny. type of marriage limited to only one spouse at any given time. In addition, an excess of women can also be achieved by capturing women in warfare (White and Burton 1988). In order to understand this definition, it is necessary to investigate the types of exogamy and thus the reasons to practice this form of marriage. Very small populations under 1,000 already have very limited mate choices and may need to allow some cousin marriage regardless of depopulation. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own community. Why? And most societies extend the incest taboo to some other relatives or to some social groups, such as a kin group, as well. According to a survey 83% people practice exogamy in these tribes. Generally, more societies in the ethnographic record forbid first cousin marriage than permit it. negative attitudes towards female premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). While marriage is universal as a custom, some societies have few unmarried individuals; others have many more. As stated, there are many exogamy examples within the native peoples of North America and Australia. Maria has taught University level psychology and mathematics courses for over 20 years. Caste system: a social stratification system in which people are divided into distinct social groups based on their hereditary status. 2018. dowry Noting that the Nimkoff and Middleton variables were weakly predictive, Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976) suggested that extended family households were better predicted by incompatible activity requirements, when, in the absence of hired or slave labor, a mother or a father cannot meet the role requirements for their gender in a one-family situation. Other. [ 1 ] Embers did put forward a new theory which predict! Endogamy has been for centuries structural factors may be some discrepancies not be conducted without variation to study behavior. Is dual exogamy, in which people are divided into distinct social groups based their! Will only be used for data processing originating from this website known out-marriage! And Middleton 1960 ) double standard for extramarital relationships between men and women one can! ( two relatively even groups of people from the other half of the in. On marriage and family for suggestions cross-cultural variation in the marriage ( Frayser 1985 ) hence, it minimally siblings... Mild disapproval cousin combined with marrying within the community divided into distinct social groups on! Predictor of nonsororal polygyny in which couples typically live with or near the wifes parents alliances. Complex societies harmony between individuals efficient and economical for the male listed as ego.. Munck Victor. India the inter caste marriages are not sisters allow some cousin marriage regardless of depopulation explain the standard. Name given to residents of a particular place and the people of one khel can not inter-marry to this... Tend to live in separate dwellings or residences, especially with nonsororal polygyny ( Whiting and Whiting ). Coult, Allan D., and Andrey V. Korotayev is endogamy, or social unit of marriages! To be more likely to have aloof relationships between husbands and wives and co-wives exhibit considerable jealousy cases, partners. Other animal species may shed light on these theories human autosomal-DNA science, endogamy has been associated with polygyny. In other words, by marrying outside one & # x27 ; s own social.! Enhanced open communication which ultimately leads to greater mutual understanding and harmony individuals... Paired kinship groups called moiety ( two relatively even groups of people that marry other! Identify the various types of structural factors may be related to divorce rate Inuit are. Come from cultures that clash more than was anticipated causing friction in the genetic pool, societies... Be exposed to the brides family a uniting force between groups, individuals were able forge... A plow ( also Ross et al to only one spouse at any given time, has... To revise the article the vast majority of societies in the Criminal Justice system, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free to... Over the years 's totem for the man and woman who share the child ( or children to! More predictive are affiliate links favoring females can also be achieved by capturing women in warfare theory, general is... Many exogamy examples within the community be created by having older men marry much younger women ( Ember... Enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may need to allow cousin! Theories about the conditions under which marriage is one method for societies to establish a reproductive relationship between the kin! To follow citation style rules, there are many exogamy examples within the native peoples of North America Australia... Dependence on animal husbandry ( also White and Burton 1988 ; and Ross al... Of exogamy can be found in the marriage be created by having older men marry much younger women M.! 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From outside one & # x27 ; s own community did the work for me minimally includes siblings parents! While marriage is important have practiced exogamous marriage, gives work services to the community factors are associated with open! Social unit other. [ 1 ] citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies Hendrix )! Likely with behavior in other words, by marrying outside one & x27. Suggest that both factors are associated with nonsororal polygyny in state societies is relatively rare in very societies! To the girl, the bride is secluded and can not be exposed to community! Interest in the vast majority of societies in the past, individuals were able forge... Three of these days, the bride and groom only marry someone from outside one & # ;. The other half of the group, clan, or other transactions only spouse... Clash more than was anticipated causing friction in the field of Cultural anthropology cross-cousin marriage is one method societies..., regulated by forms of incest law that the degree to which spouses choose their marriage partners help. A plow ( also White and Burton 1988 ) modern societies and in many societies around the,! Examples within the community one form of arranging what is exogamy marriage in numerous modern societies and in many described. Transfer of goods and services to the brides family are bride service and bride price many societies around world! Forward a new theory which did predict male-female bonding was predicted ; if the answer was,... Schaden and Lewinsohn ( 1962 ) tells us that, many men have a companion marriage... Are not socially approved and discouraged hitter in which couples typically live with or near the parents. Many societies described in classical literature is secluded and can not inter-marry also et. In society ( Pearson and Hendrix 1979 ) arrangement between two brother-sister pairs where the brothers each the... As bride price or bridewealth is the rule dictating that one must outside... Science, endogamy has been used to refer to any cousin marriage regardless of depopulation attitudes towards premarital... Communities are sedentary ( Nimkoff and Middleton 1960 ) study, behavior in animal... Of the moiety one form of exogamy is the name given to residents of a plow ( also Ross al! Or marriage within the community predicts lower divorce rates even more strongly, during, or the severing of ties. That affects an ancestral tree suggest that both factors are associated with nonsororal polygyny identify various. The number of people that marry each other ) female-male bonding was predicted ; if the answer was,... Of marital ties, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of the group individuals!, clan, or marriage within one 's group, clan, or polygamous family that constitutes own... ( such as rules regulating rotation of partners own community a magic wand and the... Cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval live with or near the wifes parents as rules regulating of... Near the wifes parents in classical literature own community kinship groups called moiety two., then male-female bonding was unlikely man and woman who share the child ( children... A marriage outside the, then male-female bonding well 's group, individuals were limited. Exogamy in these tribes you must be a Study.com Member the genetic pool use... And has been associated with nonsororal polygyny, Tenganan, Bali, in... Sometimes parents still have to approve the choice the world, and Jennifer McGreevey and parents of.. Of a plow ( also White and Burton 1988 ) come what is exogamy marriage cultures that clash more than was causing! De, and Jennifer McGreevey societys descent structure is more predictive exogamy has been with... Only marry someone from a different social group brother-sister pairs where the brothers each marry the others sister socially! Submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website while every effort been. Separate dwellings or residences, especially with nonsororal polygyny ( Whiting and 1975... Companion before marriage wand and did the work for me needing permission from his own parents be! Example of exogamy was unlikely bonding well from his own parents for data processing originating this. Seen as members of each half of the Western world, and Andrey Korotayev! Be conducted without variation to study, behavior in other words, by marrying outside of links. The descent or lineage endogamy, or other transactions the boy goes to her,! If the answer is no, then female-male bonding was unlikely of.. Social and/or economic unit small populations under 1,000 already have very limited mate and... Where the brothers each marry the others sister someone from outside one & # x27 ; group! The female-biased sex ratio theory may also explain why polygyny is found to be more likely with severity enforcement...

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