IN WHICH WE SERVE (1942) Directed by Noel Coward and David Lean. "Hmmmm, the American's better. Lean's fifth wife, Sandra Hotz, appears briefly in his final feature, A Passage To India. The Art of David Lean: A Textural Analysis of Audio-Visual Structure by Catherine Moraltis Paperback The book is a breakthrough study of eight David Lean films including the less-known ones. It was on 28th, June 1930 that David Lean got married to his first cousin called Isabel Jean, but they later parted ways in 1936.He fathered a son named Peter. Some of his later movies were criticized as overlong and ostentatious, although reviewers praised individual scenes as vigorous and exciting. Lean was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1953, and was knighted for his contributions and services to the arts in 1984. In the pre-war years he developed a reputation as the best editor in the country; his films are distinguished by their control of rhythm and shrewd use of counterpoint. "Don't ask me what made me do it, because if I thought about it, I'd have been too scared, but I found myself telling him how much I admired his work." They met, began an affair, and shortly afterwards Lean divorced his fifth wife, Sandy. It was a huge compliment and I succeeded at it." "Once a relationship was over, David simply never thought about it again. Gene Phillips is a writer with wisdom, tenacity and the ability to write in the spirit of his subject. In this sense his most successful films attain a level of stylistic sophistication that guarantees their integrity as artworks. Lean was forced to abandon the project after overseeing casting and the construction of the $4 million Bounty replica; at the last possible moment, actor Mel Gibson brought in his friend Roger Donaldson to direct the film, as producer De Laurentiis did not want to lose the millions he had already put into the project over what he thought was as insignificant a person as the director dropping out. Allan Strathaven , + J. G. Nairne Perth , Castle Douglas , James Peden D. Hally SEL KIRKSH . Peter is the global Chair of our Africa Group. His credits as an editor included such films as "Pygmalion" (1938), "Major Barbara" (1941) and "49th Parallel" (1941). School: Leighton Park School David Lean Career. [26], Lean recruited long-time collaborators for the cast and crew, including Maurice Jarre (who won another Academy Award for the score), Alec Guinness in his sixth and final role for Lean, as an eccentric Hindu Brahmin, and John Box, the production designer for Dr. Zhivago. As his former cinematographer and producer Ronald Neame told Kevin Brownlow, the author of the definitive Lean biography, his old producer Anthony Havelock-Allan had said of Lean: "David always had to have a girl on any film he worked on.". Initially, reviews for Doctor Zhivago were lukewarm, but critics have since come to see it as one of Lean's best films, with film director Paul Greengrass calling it "one of the great masterpieces of cinema". "People were saying that I'd jumped on the bandwagon, that I must have known he was going to go soon. In a tour de force of fearless vulnerability, Katharine Hepburn portrays the conflicting emotions that stir the heart of a lonely, middle-aged American tourist who is forced to confront her . When he was working he just withdrew, but at the same time he still needed an enormous amount of affection, which was why he kept going from woman to woman. Sir David Lean CBE (25 March 1908 - 16 April 1991) was an English film director, producer, screenwriter and editor. Early life. The joy of six: The leading ladies of David Lean. A tall, trim man with angular features, keen eyes and a booming voice, Lean made films with a furious concentration. Beginning with Summertime in 1955, Lean began to make internationally co-produced films financed by the big Hollywood studios; in 1970, however, the critical failure of his film Ryan's Daughter led him to take a fourteen-year break from filmmaking, during which he planned a number of film projects which never came to fruition. "Though vast in physical scale and set against a tumultuous Indian background, it is also intimate, funny and moving in the manner of a film maker completely in control of his material," Mr. Canby wrote. +44 20 7466 2795. Profession: Director, Producer, Editor, Screenwriter Known For: His large-scale epics such as The Bridge on the River Kwai, Lawrence of Arabia, Doctor Zhivago and A Passage to India Net Worth: USD $19 million (approx) Family & Relatives. Lean often directed the large-scale epics The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Doctor Zhivago (1965), and A Passage to India (1984). [5] Lean was voted 9th greatest film director of all time in the British Film Institute Sight & Sound "Directors' Top Directors" poll in 2002. You just had to work hard to see them. When David Lean left London for Paris in the spring of 1955, the film-maker's finances were in a parlous state. Posted by ; On Maj 26, 2022; 0 Comments . The British film industry wasn't exactly thriving during this period either. [51], John Woo once named Lawrence of Arabia among his top three films. "So sorry I'm late," pants the woman getting out of the cab. After directing several of Coward's plays, Lean branched out on his own, and films like Great Expectations, Oliver Twist and Brief Encounter made . His first work as a director was in collaboration with Nol Coward on In Which We Serve (1942), and he later adapted several of Coward's plays into successful films. Reversing the critical response to Ryan's Daughter, the film opened to universally enthusiastic reviews; the film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and Lean himself nominated for three Academy Awards in directing, editing, and writing. Oliver Whithorn , Loc , Baird Henry Ritchie James Watt John Jorie son . "The problem was David didn't open up to anyone, and as a result he was frequently described as a cold, unfeeling perfectionist. Lean directed 17 feature films in total. [22] These critics so lacerated the film for two hours to David Lean's face that the devastated Lean was put off from making films for a long time. Sandra Lean met David Lean when she was 46 years old and he was 77. David Lean se narodil 25.bezna 1908 v Londn, kde vyrstal v psn kvakersk rodin. Peter Lean: Sir David Lean CBE (25 March 1908 - 16 April 1991) was an English film director, . M * Kenzie Hawick , Hamilton , Dunkeld , It And . Lean's camera is more self-effacing than Hitchcock's or Powell's, and although he was famed for his perfectionist compositional sense, his eye was more conventional. Stephen M. Silverman, a biographer of the film maker, said in New York he had died of pneumonia. They married in 1960. David Lean's six definitive films: In Which We Serve (1942). As Tony Sloman wrote in 1999, "As the varied likes of David Lean, Robert Wise, Terence Fisher and Dorothy Arzner have proved, the cutting rooms are easily the finest grounding for film direction. She gave him his only son, Peter, but Lean soon decided that cosy . The group named Lean the best director and Dame Peggy Ashcroft the best actress for her portrayal of the saintly Mrs. Moore. David Lean Personal. David Lean's first wife was his cousin, Isabel Jean, who he married in 1930. There was an element of bedroom farce about his private life, too. David Lloyd Lean, 1931 - 1989. The next film directed by Lean was The Passionate Friends (1949), an atypical Lean film, but one which marked his first occasion to work with Claude Rains, who played the husband of a woman (Ann Todd) torn between him and an old flame (Howard). "[39] Similarly, Lean biographer Gene D. Phillips writes that the director "saw in his style an attraction to characters who refuse to accept defeat, even when their most cherished hopes go unfulfilled. The inspiration for "Breaking Through the Sound Barrier" was a newspaper account of a jet plane that disintegrated in flight, apparently when it exceeded the speed of sound. "David often said to me: 'Please babe, if anyone is going to write a book about me, all I want is bloody good pictures." As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Robert Newton, Alec Guinness, John Davies. During production of The Bridge On The River Kwai, the director was constantly at loggerheads with his British cast members, growing so infuriated with the surly behaviour of Alec Guinness and James Donald that after one scene he yelled: "Now you can all fuck off and go home, you English actors. In a BBC documentary, Steven Spielberg recounted how Lean (by then a personal friend) asked him to approach Warner Brothers on his behalf to persuade them to finance his film of Joseph Conrad's novel Nostromo. Released: 1948. David Lean es el nico cineasta que ha conseguido acaparar las rdenes del Imperio Britnico y de las Arts et des Lettres, adems un total de 27 estatuillas de Hollywood. and by Peter Lean, his son from his first marriage. Lean was a long-term resident of Limehouse, East London. The poor critical reception of the film prompted Lean to meet with the National Society of Film Critics, gathered at the Algonquin Hotel in New York, including The New Yorker's Pauline Kael, and ask them why they objected to the movie. Lean was first and foremost a superb craftsman. Like his contemporaries (Michael Powell, Orson Welles, John Ford), Lean understood fully that telling a story cinematically requires several components: a quality script, precision editing, dramatic composition, and structured sound. Survivors include his wife, Sandra, and a son, Peter, by a previous marriage. peter lean son of david lean workday holiday login May 21, 2022. siobhan smith ethnicity 4:21 pm 4:21 pm Lean's break into directing came in the early 1940s courtesy of iconic London playwright Nel Coward who needed a co-director "because he got terribly bored," as Lean later put it. Peter McLean was born near London in 1972, the son of a bank manager and an English teacher. His protagonists seek to transform their lives, but often fail to do so. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. I'm a near miss. +44 20 7466 2795. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. Written by Noel Coward. However, he fell ill with what press reports said was throat cancer. He also got married in this year to Isabel Lean, who was his first cousin, and had one son, Peter Lean. The film maker's achievements prompted Walter Kerr of The New York Times to write in 1985 that Lean was "the best British film director still active" and "he may be the best British film director ever. Cast: Peter O'Toole, Alec Guinness, Anthony Quinn, Jack Hawkins, Omar Sharif. I think it helped that I am a free spirit. "[40], John Orr, author of Romantics and Modernists in British Cinema, examines Lean in terms of "the stylised oscillation of romance and restraint that shapes so much of his work", as well as of "the intersection of culture and nature, where a story's momentous events are not only framed against landscape settings but also integrated into the very texture of the image that his camera produces." Goodreads Author. They . I've forgotten her mobile number and after 20 minutes loitering on the doorstep, I'm just about to leave when a taxi hurtles around the corner and brakes before me. Todd's divorce from her then-husband Nigel Tangye was bitter, and her autobiography contains a comic account of Tangye (a keen aviator who was also Lean's cousin) swooping down in vengeful mood in a small plane and terrifying Lean and his crew when they were shooting his next feature, Madeleine (1950). The Academy Award winner for Best Picture in 1962, it also earned an Oscar for director David Lean (The Bridge on the River Kwai), whose command of . I know she is 61, but she looks about 45 the age she was when she first met Lean. Hardcover & Paperback. Isabel Lean (28 June 1930 - 1936) (his first cousin); one son, Peter; Kay Walsh (23 November 1940 - 1949) Ann Todd (21 May 1949 - 1957) Leila Matkar (4 July 1960 - 1978) (From, Hyderabad, India. Lean was a relentless womaniser. His father, Francis, an accountant, and his mother, the former Helena Tangye, were Quakers who regarded motion pictures as sinful. Alejandro Gonzlez Irritu [a l e x a n d o o n s a l e s i a r i t u] [1] est un ralisateur, scnariste et producteur mexicain, n le 15 aot 1963 Mexico.. Ds son premier film sorti en 2000, Amours chiennes, qui rvle Gael Garcia Bernal, Irritu impose un style et une ralisation singuliers qui tapent dans l'il d'Hollywood, qui le considre comme un . David Lean was born in Croydon, Surrey (now part of Greater London), to Francis William le Blount Lean and the former Helena Tangye (niece of Sir Richard Trevithick Tangye).His parents were Quakers and he was a pupil at the Quaker-founded Leighton Park School in Reading.His younger brother, Edward Tangye Lean (1911-1974), founded the original Inklings literary club when a student . Great Expectations. The 1955 romantic drama starring Katharine Hepburn, available from the Criterion Collection and restored in 4K, marks a turning point in filmmaker David Lean's career. "David, a very fine director, never had very much consideration for what actors sometimes have to go through just a relentless drive for what he wanted for the scene," said Todd, who starred in three of his films. Lean, who said the film had been improperly shortened without his consent only a few days after its initial release, expressed pleasure with the restoration, remarking: "What can you do? 37 votes. Email: peter.lean@ecmwf.int Search for more papers by this author During the last years of his life, Lean was in pre-production of a film version of Joseph Conrad's Nostromo. Specially compiled for the film's 30th anniversary, this volume provides, for the first time, an account of this film's remarkable genesis, artistry, and influence. He received best-director Oscars for "River Kwai" and "Lawrence," and both films also won the Academy Award as best movie. For a start, there are the pictures: dozens of beautiful stills from films such as Bridge over the River Kwai, Lawrence of Arabia and Dr Zhivago, a tribute to a man who much preferred images to word. 9. He argues that "Lean could have given us kitsch, syrupy imitations of landscape photography, but his staging and cutting blend so fluently that his evocation of the romantic sublime is linked, inextricably, to his dcoupage and sense of place."[41]. Lean's affinity for pictorialism and inventive editing techniques has led him to be lauded by directors such as Steven Spielberg,[2] Stanley Kubrick,[3] Martin Scorsese,[4] and Ridley Scott. Steven Spielberg and Martin Scorsese in particular are fans of Lean's epic films and claim him as one of their primary influences. ", From 1942 to 1955, Mr. Starring the aging Hollywood 'bad boy' Robert Mitchum in an uncharacteristic role as a long-suffering Irish husband and British actress Sarah Miles as his faithless young wife, the film received far fewer positive reviews than the director's previous work, being particularly savaged by the New York critics. Vincent Canby of The New York Times deplored what he termed its "vacuous 19th-century Romanticism" and "calculated prettiness," adding that "this kind of extravagant film making is often lovely to look at, but it becomes, toward the third hour, as boring as cloud- watching.". As fans of David Lean celebrate his centenary, Geoffrey Macnab asks: was the director's chaotic love life responsible for some of his greatest films? Directed by: David Lean. The marriage, which lasted from 1949 to 1957, didn't turn out well. His hair color is White and his eye color is Brown. He was one of the very few directors who edited his own films, and he also adapted or co-adapted half a dozen of them. "- Lawrence d'Arabie, David Lean, 1962 - Le docteur Jivago, David Lean, 1965 - Quand les aigles attaquent, Brian G. Hutton, 1968 - Le dernier train du Katanga, Jack Cardiff, 1968 - La bataille d'Angleterre, Guy Hamilton, 1969 - L'arme des ombres, Jean-Pierre Melville, 1969" He began his film career in 1928 as a teaboy for Gaumont-British studios, where he . [25] In addition, Lean also edited the film with the result that his three roles in the production (writer, editor, director) were given equal status in the credits. The crew of Lawrence of Arabia were astonished, when Lean refused to stop filming in Jordan to attend his mother's funeral. He was survived by his last wife, art dealer Sandra Cooke, the co-author (with Barry Chattington) of David Lean: An Intimate Portrait. Nostromo had a total budget of $46 million and was six weeks away from filming at the time of Lean's death from throat cancer. Lean was a meticulous craftsman noted for technical wizardry, subtle manipulation of emotions, superb production values, authenticity and taste. He came with nothing and he left with nothing," his second wife, the actor Kay Walsh, told Brownlow of the end of their marriage. The actor's portrayal of Fagin was controversial at the time. She moves like a dancer and speaks in the languid tones of someone advertising expensive liqueurs. 2. His female star, in the complex role of a confused young British woman who falsely accuses an Indian man of attempted rape, gained Australian actress Judy Davis her first Academy nomination. David Lean was born on 25 March 1908 at 38 Blenheim Crescent, South Croydon, Surrey now part of Greater London, to Francis William le Blount Lean and the former Helena Tangye niece of Sir Richard Trevithick Tangye.His parents were Quakers and he was a pupil at the Quaker-founded Leighton Park School in Reading.His younger brother, Edward Tangye Lean 1911-1974, founded the original Inklings . Films That Won 28 Oscars. The first screening in Berlin during February 1949 offended the surviving Jewish community and led to a riot. I just went with it. A doomed romance set against the backdrop of 1916 Ireland's struggles against the British, it is loosely based on Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary. Praise From Hepburn, In 1989, Katharine Hepburn hailed him for his perfection, saying "David is sweet -- simple and straight -- and strong and savage, and he is the best movie director in the world.". Joining director David Lean's opening after credits, Peter O'Toole (title character) meets his end, then shooting a soundstage interior but real exterior of St. Paul's, London, Anthony Quayle, Jack Hawkins and Arthur Kennedy among the mourners, from Lawrence Of Arabia, 1962. Email. Anyone can read what you share. peter lean son of david leanbenji and joel madden young. Want to bookmark your favourite articles and stories to read or reference later? The Passionate Friends was the first of three films to feature the actress Ann Todd, who became his third wife. He was taken on as a teaboy, promoted to clapperboy, and soon rose to the position of third assistant director. "Waiting for Godard". But after a year of boredom, he won a job at the Gaumont Studios in 1927 at the start of the sound era and worked successively as tea boy, number-board holder, messenger and camera assistant. "I sensed trouble from the moment I sat down", Lean says of the now famous luncheon. "Once more", writes film critic David Thomson "Lean settles on the pressing need for propriety, but not before the film has put its characters and the audience through a wringer of contradictory feelings. He shot Summertime with Katharine Hepburn in Venice. In Brief Encounter, social convention and decency prevent it; romance flourishes only to be worn out by the talk of casual acquaintances. It was like an amputation. His approach to marriage was certainly erratic; on the one hand, thanks to his Quaker upbringing, he took it seriously. It was partly American financed, although again made for Korda's London Films. After some hesitation, Alec Guinness once again appeared, in his fourth David Lean film, as the Arab leader, Prince Faisal, despite his misgivings from their conflicts on Bridge on the River Kwai. He edited Gabriel Pascal's film productions of two George Bernard Shaw plays, Pygmalion (1938) and Major Barbara (1941). His Quaker parents are in the throes of splitting up, and escape seems the main . Ann Todd had emerged as a major British movie star thanks to her masochistic role as the pianist tormented by James Mason in The Seventh Veil. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Sir David Lean CBE (25 March 1908 16 April 1991) was an English film director, producer, screenwriter and editor. I'm under no illusions. Lean's later movies made him, according to Variety, the top directorial grosser of that time. Saturday August 17 2019, 12.01am BST, The Times. Then again, as he freely admitted, he was "a monomaniac" who knew how to be ruthless when making a film. Sandra Cooke was shopping in her local grocer's in 1985 when . Seven of Lean's films appeared on the list: In addition, on the American Film Institute's 1998 list of 100 Years100 Movies, Lawrence of Arabia placed 5th, The Bridge on the River Kwai 13th, and Doctor Zhivago 39th. His younger brother, Edward Tangye Lean (19111974), founded the original Inklings literary club when a student at Oxford University. It caused problems too in New York, and after private screenings, was condemned by the Anti-Defamation League and the American Board of Rabbis. "[19] The last of the films with Todd, The Sound Barrier (1952), has a screenplay by the playwright Terence Rattigan and was the first of his three films for Sir Alexander Korda's London Films. [6] Nominated seven times for the Academy Award for Best Director, which he won twice for The Bridge on the River Kwai and Lawrence of Arabia, he has seven films in the British Film Institute's Top 100 British Films (with three of them being in the top five)[7][8] and was awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1990. Once we were in a lift and he made some comment that was completely below the belt. Melvyn Bragg ended up writing a considerable portion of the script. He edited Powell & Pressburger's 49th Parallel (1941) and One of Our Aircraft Is Missing (1942). For almost the whole of their relationship, he was working on a film adaptation of Joseph Conrad's complex novel Nostromo, a project that frequently drove him to despair. To keep him happy you had to talk to him about his work and give him the constant attention he craved.". One of the great translations of literature into film, David Lean's Great Expectations brings Charles Dickens's masterpiece to robust on-screen life. David Lean's work sounds like the stuff of legend -- year-long on-location shoots in the desert (Lawrence of Arabia), an entire town built in Ireland for one single movie (Ryan's Daughter), a dedicated crew that would go to any length in order to get the images in the can.But, these stories aren't legend. Lady Sandra Lean, widow of the late film director Sir David, sounds a most venerable type. Empire of the Sun was released in 1987. The marriage was Lean's longest-lasting, but ended in 1978. On Directing, Of his approach to performers, Mr. Yet Lean despite his own reputation for breaking up relationships treats the character with sensitivity; we are always aware of his suffering. Widely regarded as one of cinema's most accomplished directors, David Lean helmed such classics as Brief Encounter, Great Expectations, and Oliver Twist. Hobson's Choice (1954), with Charles Laughton in the lead, was based on the play by Harold Brighouse. Some critics said he was beginning to stress form over content and visual effects over literary quality to a point that his films were becoming more stately than entertaining. According to Katharyn Crabbe, "[t]he rewards of watching a David Lean film are most often described in terms of his skillful use of cinematic conventions, his editing, his alertness to the ability of film to create effects. He soon became one of Britain's ablest and highest-paid editors. Director of Photography: Jack Hildyard (Technicolor). He said: 'Really, which one?' Nevertheless, in real life, he was at it again: during the making of the film, Lean began an affair with his leading lady, who was to become his third wife. With five wins out of six nominations, Lean directed more films that won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography at the Oscars than any other director, for Great Expectations, The Bridge on the River Kwai, Lawrence of Arabia, Doctor Zhivago and Ryan's Daughterthe last nomination being for A Passage to India. Documentary about the 1989 restoration of "Lawrence of Arabia", featuring Robert A. Harris, David Lean, Peter O'Toole and film editor Anne V. Coates. The irony was that Lean was often thought of as a supreme technician the former editor who knew everything about cutting, rhythm and camera lenses who lacked the human touch. His parents were Quakers and he was a pupil at the Quaker-founded Leighton Park School in Reading.His younger brother, Edward Tangye Lean (1911-1974), founded the original . His six wives were: Isabel Lean (28 June 1930 - 1936) (his first cousin); one son, Peter; Kay Walsh (23 November 1940 - 1949) There was a pause and then I said: 'Babe, that was Ann Todd, one of your wives.' Sometimes called the "British Garbo", she was initially suspicious of Lean's standoffish attitude toward her on the set of The Passionate Friends, but then as she later wrote he swept her off her feet. he asked in 1984. As Lean himself pointed out,[34] his films are often admired by fellow directors as a showcase of the filmmaker's art. His six wives were: Isabel Lean (28 June 1930 - 1936) (his first cousin); one son, Peter; Kay Walsh (23 November 1940 - 1949) My admiration for David is infinite. Purchase. Well, I didn't and I didn't fall in love with him because he was David Lean. Mr. Canby hailed the 1984 film as "by far his best work" since "The Bridge on the River Kwai" and "Lawrence of Arabia" and perhaps his most humane and moving film since "Brief Encounter.". I just dug my nails into my hands and he said 'Did you hear me?' French composer Maurice Jarre, on his first Lean film, created a soaring film score with a famous theme and won his first Oscar for Best Original Score. Films That Won 28 Oscars, David Lean's directorial credits embrace intimate dramas as well as sweeping historical spectacles. You're cooked. David Shipman wrote in The Story of Cinema: Volume Two (1984): "Of the other Dickens films, only Cukor's David Copperfield approaches the excellence of this pair, partly because his casting, too, was near perfect". The only thing in the part I might have done well is the crippled crab-like walk." When she'd gone, he turned to me and said: 'Who the hell was that?' It was Lean's genius that he took an international perspective at a time when other British film-makers were becoming increasingly insular. With this sublimely bittersweet tale of romantic longing, director David Lean left behind the British soundstage to capture in radiant Technicolor the sun-splashed glory of Venice at the height of summer. As part of the David Lean centenary celebrations, 'The Passionate Friends' has been re-released, a two-month season at BFI Southbank is under way and there is a UK tour of his newly restored films. He was an indifferent student and left school to be an apprentice in his father's office. Free shipping for many products! Several of the many other later directors who have acknowledged significant influence by Lean include Stanley Kubrick,[45] George Lucas,[46] Spike Lee,[47] Sergio Leone,[48] Sir John Boorman,[49] Paul Thomas Anderson[50] and Guillermo del Toro. [21] As of 2020[update], it is the 9th highest-grossing film of all time, adjusted for inflation. In 1991, shortly after Lean's death, Hugh Hudson wrote a tribute to the director in Sight & Sound; in it he asserts: Born in the Edwardian era, Lean experienced first-hand the decline of the British Empire. When he died, I felt like half a person. In the end, Lean decided to write the film himself with the assistance of Maggie Unsworth (wife of renowned cinematographer Geoffrey Unsworth), with whom he had worked on the scripts for Brief Encounter, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, and The Passionate Friends. Film-Maker 's finances were in a parlous state Hawkins, Omar Sharif directorial credits embrace intimate dramas well! Ended in 1978 one son, Peter, but ended in 1978 completely below the belt was on. With Charles Laughton in the languid tones of someone advertising expensive liqueurs in love with him because was. To performers, Mr Directing, of his approach to marriage was Lean 's longest-lasting but. 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