[20], The Jerusalem Bible divides the book into five sections:[24], The setting of the book is about a century and a half after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, after Alexander's empire had been divided so that Judea had become part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. 1 and 2 Maccabees tell the same story in two different ways. [5] The entire work is generally considered to be a unity composed by a single author on both philological and thematic grounds, although there are occasional short passages sometimes contested as potentially being added at a later date. 1 Maccabees was probably written in Jerusalem, but 3 and 4 Maccabees derive from the diaspora. And he took the spoils of the city, and set it on fire, and pulled down the houses thereof and the walls thereof on every side. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. "[42][43] All of this makes clear that God has specifically chosen a new dynasty to rule Judea, the Hasmoneans. VERSE 7. 1 Maccabees 1:54. two main dynasties established themselves in the territories of his huge empirethe Ptolemies, who controlled Egypt and also Palestine up to 200 B.C. The book draws a sharp contrast between Jews and Gentiles, similar to the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. The author is unknown. These include four laments and three hymns of praise. VERSE 16. 16:2 And Simon called his two eldest sons, Judas and John, and said to them: I and my brethren, and my father's house, have fought against the enemies of Israel from our youth even to this day: and things have prospered so well in our hands that we have delivered . Finally, after Matthathias dies, his son Judas succeeds in liberating the Temple precincts and reconsecrating the Temple itself in 165 B.C.E. Instead, we have an early, pre-Christian, Greek translation full of Hebrew idioms. He then calls forth the people to holy war against the Gentiles and their Jewish collaborators. 1:7 So Alexander reigned twelves years, and then died. It also uses anachronistic terms at times to make explicit parallels between the exploits of the Hasmoneans and earlier Jewish heroes; for example, it refers to the coastal region of Palestine as the land of the Philistines, despite the Philistines no longer being a relevant cultural grouping in the era. The success of the Jewish campaigns he attributes to Gods protection, but he makes it clear that faithfulness to the Covenant is, as was the case with their forebears, the ground on which Israel must totally rely. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension, to the seven martyred brothers (2 Macc.7). saves his butt from a delivery-gone-bonkers, he decides to play nice with . The author was an enthusiastic a supporter of the Maccabees who shows little sympathy with either their Jewish or Greek opponents. ", The Church Father Origen relates that the title of the Hebrew original was Sarbeth Sarbanael, translated either as "the Book of the Prince of the House of Israel" or "the Book of the Dynasty of God's resisters.". It is not known whether Josephus's copy of 1 Maccabees was missing the final three chapters, or he simply found a better source for that era of history. VERSE 6. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 1 Maccabees is the most extensive source of information on events in Judea from 175 to 135. VERSE 51. [30], After the death of Judas and a period of lawlessness,[31] he is succeeded by his brother Jonathan Apphus, whose battles with the Greek general Bacchides are recounted in chapter 9. And they stored up arms and food, and gathering together the spoils of Jerusalem, they laid them up there, and they became a sore snare: VERSE 36. and it became a place to lie in wait in against the sanctuary, and an evil adversary to Israel continually. As far as the dates of composition are concerned, these can be taken as approximately 100 B.C. More. CHAPTER 1. Chapter 2 1 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. After Jesus redeemed mankind by dying on the cross, the just of the Old Testament were enabled to enter heaven, and thus the ancient people of God became the new Israel, which is the Church. Talk about how this story might have inspired the Jews of Jesus day in the light of their oppression by the Romans. [67] and Knox Bible.[68]. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. After the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in 70 C.E., Judaism regrouped under the leadership of the rabbis. Experts date the original Hebrew text sometime in the late second century B.C.E. The rededication of the Jerusalem Temple described in 4:3659 (see 2Mc 10:18) is the origin of the Jewish feast of Hanukkah. There is a faithful remnant. . VERSE 27. The books had separate authors. That said, the author is still proud of forging alliances with others, citing negotiations with the Roman Republic and Sparta. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article [28] Verses 2332 record an agreement between Rome and the nation of the Jews, whereby each party would act as a willing ally of the other and refuse to supply their enemies in time of war, specific warning being given to Demetrius I Soter that this pact would be activated against him if requested by the Jews. Given its exactness of dates, places and documents and its enthusiasm for the Jewish cause, 1 Maccabees must have been written by a Palestinian Jew who witnessed the events he describes; the author of 2 Maccabees was more likely an Alexandrian Jew and a Pharisee, given what he has to say about resurrection. His severest condemnation goes, not to the Seleucid politicians, but to the lawless apostates among his own people, adversaries of Judas and his brothers, who are models of faith and loyalty. Gentile forces still hold a fortress in Jerusalem, however, as well as many towns in Judea and Galilee. The early Seleucid rulers were tolerant of the political and religious cultures of the territories they controlled, but things changed when Antiochus IV Epiphanes came to power, and the scene in Palestine became one of persecution and war. It came to pass, after that Alexander the Macedonian, the son of Philip, who came out of the land of Chittim, and struck Darius king of the Persians and Medes, it came to pass, after he had struck him, that he reigned in his stead, in former time, over Greece. The author, probably a Palestinian Jew, is unknown. And they did all put diadems upon themselves after that he was dead, and so did their sons after them many years: and they multiplied evils in the earth. They will not sin in order to save their lives. VERSE 12. It became part of the deuterocanon in early Christianity. A supporter of the Hasmonean dynasty. For the full article, see, Prohibition of Jewish religious practices, Hanukkah: reconsecration of the sanctuary, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Maccabees. Second Maccabees includes a different edition of the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees and was written at a later date, likely in Alexandria, Egypt. He interprets the Maccabean victory not as a miraculous intervention by God, but rather as God's using the instrument of the military genius of the Maccabees to achieve his divine ends. Snow Crash Summary. he spoke words in subtlety. The name Maccabee probably means "hammer" and was the nickname given in the book to the first leader of the revolt, Judas, third son of Mattathias. If it really was originally written in Greek, then the author was intentionally imitating Hebrew style in Greek. In Hebrew, the first letters of this four word slogan form the acronym MKBY. [49]He argues that the author was likely an eyewitness to at least some of the battles described given his great accuracy and plausibility in describing terrain and troop movements, and was able to obtain firsthand accounts from others in interviews. It possibly was written during the reign of the Roman emperor Caligula (3741 ce). 1 Maccabees, also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom.It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King Antiochus IV . [33], Proposed alliances with Rome and with Areus of Sparta are covered in 1 Maccabees 12:123. [47] No angels or miracles come to save the Jews; rather, it is the divinely-approved firm leadership of the Hasmoneans that leads to victory.[9]. [20], During the Crusades, Pope Urban II and other church leaders used 1 Maccabees 2 to justify the concept of holy war against the Muslim kingdoms controlling the holy city of Jerusalem. The narrative is primarily prose text, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections, which imitate classical Hebrew poetry. All this shows that these inspired books are well worth prayerful reading, particularly the second, which provides us with many edifying examples especially the humility which leads its protagonists to trust in God, their fortitude in defending their faith, their patience in dealing with obstacles to observance of the Law, and their deep piety, as shown in their prayer for their dead comrades. Simon, who was called Thassi; 2 Simon now had the effrontery to name this benefactor of the city, this protector of his . In 1 Maccabees, those dissatisfied with the Hasmoneans "hated their nation"[39] as a whole; the Hasmoneans were equated with Judea itself. It gives detailed accounts of the Maccabean revolt led by Judas Maccabeus, as well as the martyrdoms of Eleazar and seven brothers. "Exodus ch. Unlike most of the Books of the Maccabees, 1 Maccabees was written in Hebrew and translated into Greek as part of the . First Maccabees or 1 Maccabees is most famous as the source of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. Alternate titles: The Books of the Machabees. The Books of the Maccabees, Maccabees also spelled Machabees, four books, none of which is in the Hebrew Bible but all of which appear in some manuscripts of the Septuagint. More recent English language versions of the Bible which contain 1 Maccabees include the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), Good News Translation (GNT), New American Bible, Revised Edition (NABRE). Flavius Josephus, the first century Jewish historian, carries the story forward; only he gives the surname Hasmoneus, which applies to the successors of the early Maccabees up to Aristobulus II. He bans the observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. the hundred and forty and fifth year. While Judas is eventually killed in battle, the Maccabees eventually achieve autonomy and then independence for Judea under the leadership of the Hasmonean family. 63 Today they will be exalted, but tomorrow they will not be found, because they will have returned to the dust, and their plans will have perished. According to all these words wrote he to his whole kingdom; and he appointed overseers over all the people, and he commanded the cities of Judah to sacrifice, city by city. Judas's brother Simon Thassi is declared High Priest by will of the Jewish people. [44] That said, our knowledge of the Sadducees is scant, so it is difficult to know for sure. First Maccabees was written about 100 B.C., in Hebrew, but the original has not come down to us. VERSE 57. Series: The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries. It aims at bringing out even more strongly the religious lessons of the time, and the story is written more like a sermon than a history. VERSE 21. and entered presumptuously into the sanctuary, and took the golden altar, and the candlestick of the light, and all that pertained thereto. Unlike, the writer of 2 Maccabees, he evidences no Pharisaic theology and may have written in order to justify the Maccabeean dynasty against criticism that they were corrupt and were ruling illegitimately as Jewish kings since they were not of the Davidic lineage. [14][15] Various reconstructions have been proposed: Gustaf Dalman, meanwhile, suggests that the title is a corruption of the Aramaic "The Book of the House of the Hasmoneans". 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated[ a] King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. After Judass death, the war continued intermittently under his brothers Jonathan and Simon. Antiochus was determined to impose hellenic religion and civilization in Palestine as elsewhere, and naturally this was anathema to the Jews, who at this time were quite faithful to the Covenant with Yahweh. 17 And he wrote letters, and sent them to him, according to these words, saying, 18 King Alexander to his brother Jonathan, greeting: 19 We have heard of you, that you are a mighty man of valour, and meet to be our See 1 Maccabees 2:18. The book's author is unknown, but is assumed to have been a devout Jew from the Holy Land who may have even taken part in the events described in the book, or at least knew older people who participated in them. Modin. It tells the story of how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress Temple worship and to destroy the practice of Jewish law. The First Book of Maccabees also gives a list of Jewish colonies scattered elsewhere through the Mediterranean at the time.[25]. Corrections? He claims to have used and condensed a five-volume work by someone called Jason of Cyrene (which no longer exists) and appears to have introduced theological reflections onto the events as he went. That is, about 168 BC. [21][22] The English equivalent would be writing new books in the style of the King James Version. 2 Maccabees recaps some of the story (until the events of 161 bc) and adds in details about Gods intervention into the events reports. The original book was apparently written in Hebrew, as is indicated by a number of Hebrew idioms used by the author. [note 2] All agree that the book was written before 63 BC, as the author shows great admiration toward Rome and does not know of the Roman general Pompey conquering Jerusalem and reducing the Hasmonean kingdom to a client state of the Roman Republic in that year. Origen of Alexandria (253),[52] Augustine of Hippo (c.397AD),[53] Pope Innocent I (405),[54][55] Synod of Hippo (393),[56] the Council of Carthage (397),[57] the Council of Carthage (419),[58] the Apostolic Canons,[59] the Council of Florence (1442)[60] and the Council of Trent (1546)[61] listed the first two books of Maccabees as canonical. 2nd century bc) Priestly family of Jews who organized a successful rebellion against Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Palestine and reconsecrated the defiled Temple of Jerusalem.The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). And his servants bare rule, each one in his place. Its vocabulary and style indicate a Greek original. At this point the book ends. Why do you think the story of the Maccabees remains so important for Jews even today? Because of the accuracy of the historical account, if a later date is accepted, then the author must have had access to first-hand reports of the events. VERSE 2. VERSE 64. they chose to die. Her sanctuary was laid waste like a wilderness, her feasts were turned into mourning, her Sabbaths into reproach, her honor into contempt. It runs from the end of the reign of Seleucus IV, the predecessor of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, up to the defeat of Nicanor, shortly before the death of Judas Maccabeusthat is, a period of fifteen years (176-161), which are covered in chapters 1-7 of the first book. 1:8 And his servants bare rule every one in his place. That is, they covered over their circumcision. Thus 1 Maccabeesas well as the other books of this genrefaced a major political obstacle to their acceptance. That is, he spoke deceitfully. It also seems to have been written in Judea where knowledge of Hebrew would have been more widespread. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. An unknown editor, the "Epitomist," used the factual notes of a historian . Ancient manuscripts of the text include the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Venetus, as well as several scrolls. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. And after two full years the king sent a chief collector of tribute to the cities of Judah, and he came to Jerusalem with a great multitude. The works main religious theme is that the martyrs sufferings vicariously expiated the sins of the entire Jewish people. Simon is succeeded by his third son, John Hyrcanus, whose two elder brothers, Mattathias and Judah, had been murdered, together with their father. They are Jewish people who do not observe the Law. The doctrine expressed in the book is the customary belief of Israel, without the new developments which appear in 2Maccabees and Daniel. Acts of the Apostles. From Alexander to Antiochus. 3He advanced to the ends of the earth, and plundered many nations. This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. 25) gives testimony to the existence of an original Hebrew text. Aristobulus I, the son of John Hyrcanus, was the first to add the title of king to that of chief priest. 1:10 And there came out of them a wicked root Antiochus surnamed Epiphanes, son of Antiochus the [43] Rather, the author interprets events as God using the military genius of Judas Maccabeus and his brothers as the instrument to achieve the liberation of Judea. 2 Maccabees is a summary of Jason's five-volume work. When, therefore, you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of through Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand). The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. Through a series of events, Tobit goes blind and sends his son on a journey accompanied by the angel Raphael disguised as a human. He plays one faction off against the other, obtaining various benefits for the Jews in exchange for his military support. He reports the calamities the Jewish people experience on account of their sins, while also stressing the role played by God in his providence, who watches over them as he promised he would (cf. Its name in the Septuagint and in the writings of the Church Fathers (Eusebius and Clement) is , i.e . [43], While the book holds all the Hasmoneans in high regard, it praises Simon Thassi in particular, the person who would pass the High Priesthood to his sons and establish the dynasty. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Books-of-the-Maccabees, The Catholic Encyclopedia - The Books of Machabees. 1 Maccabees 1. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. VERSE 5. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Friend. 1 The Simon mentioned above as the informer against the funds and against his country began slandering Onias, insinuating that the latter had been responsible for the assault on Heliodorus and himself had contrived this misfortune. 2 Chronicles. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. This book also tells us more about atonement beyond the grave by asserting the existence of purgatory (12:38ff). [64], The Roman Catholic Lectionary makes use of texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, along with texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in Ordinary Time, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings for the dedication of an altar and as one of the suggested readings at a Mass celebrated to honour persecuted Christians.[65]. VERSE 23. At first, it was used to describe the martyrs described in 2 Maccabees. He may well have played some part in it himself in his youth. Pride goes before destruction, and an arrogant spirit before a fall. In 168 BC, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" (establishing rites of pagan observance in the Temple, or sacrificing an unclean animal on the altar in the Holy of Holies). Thus did they in their might to Israel, to those that were found month by month in the cities. And they tore in pieces the books of the law which they found, and set them on fire. As we know, those who have left this world and enjoy the beatific vision, in the same act of charity in which they love God, are also praying for their brothers, who are members of the Church like themselves. Maccabees , (fl. they made themselves uncircumcised. VERSE 29. More wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. VERSE 41. Christian tradition venerates these seven brothers as martyrs, and churches were dedicated to them in Antioch, Rome, Lyons, and Vienne. Hardcover; 9780300159936; Published: Tuesday, 26 Apr 2022; $85.00. II Maccabees focuses on the Jews' revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. It frequently imitates biblical phraseology and directly cites biblical precedents. The Writer gives his final summary. He may also have consulted it for Book 1 of The Jewish War. This is alluded to in two other passages: Daniel 9:27. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. [44] For the author, bold military action while living is the proper response to oppression. However, the original has been lost and the version which comes down to us is the Septuagint. And it was the chief propaganda instrument of those non-practicing Jews who were trying to introduce Gentile customs into Israel. Extensive source of information on events in Judea and Galilee phraseology and directly cites precedents. Simon Thassi is declared High Priest by will of the Maccabees, 1 Maccabees 12:123 was also to... 2 Maccabees tell the same story in two other passages: Daniel 9:27 described in 4:3659 ( 2Mc. ( see 2Mc 10:18 ) is the most extensive source of the Jerusalem described. 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